We were
discussing Otto cycle, an ideal cycle for internal
combustion spark ignition reciprocating engines or simply petrol engines and
also Diesel
cycle, the ideal cycle for the operation of internal combustion compression
ignition reciprocating engines
in our previous posts. We have also discussed the working principle of open cycle gas turbine.
Today we
will see here the another very important topic i.e. Closed cycle gas turbine
power plant or closed cycle gas turbine engine with the help of this post.
Closed cycle gas turbine engine
Closed cycle gas turbine engines are usually used in nuclear power stations and also
used as standby power unit for the hydro electric power stations. Compressor,
Turbine, heat exchanger for heating the working fluid termed as heating chamber
and heat exchanger for cooling the working fluid termed as cooling chamber are the
main components of closed cycle gas turbine engine.
Open cycle
gas turbine engine could be modelled as closed cycle gas turbine engine.
Combustion process will be replaced here by constant pressure heat addition
from an external source in heating chamber and discharge process will be
replaced by constant pressure heat rejection in cooling chamber.
Let us see the arrangements of various components of closed cycle gas turbine engine
Air will
enter in to the compressor, where pressure and temperature of air will be
increased. Now air at high pressure and high temperature will enter to the heating
chamber as shown in above figure.
Working
fluid i.e. high pressure and high temperature air will be heated from an
external source in heating chamber. High temperature nuclear rods are used here
for heating the working fluid i.e. air. Hence working fluid i.e. air will have
high pressure and high temperature at the discharge of the heating chamber.
High
pressure and high temperature air will enter in to the turbine, where high
pressure and high temperature air will be expanded through the turbine.
Pressure and temperature of the air, both will be dropped here.
There will
be drop in temperature of air but still temperature of air will be high, while
pressure of air will be reduced up to the pressure at which air will enter in
to the cooling chamber.
Air will
be cooled in to the cooling chamber at constant pressure up to its original
temperature with the help of continuous circulating cold water and hence heat
will be rejected here at constant pressure. Again cold air coming from cooling
chamber will enter to compressor for repeating the cycle.
As we can
observe here that exhaust air is not rejected to atmosphere but also exhaust air
re-circulated to the cooling chamber and therefore this cycle will be termed as
closed cycle gas turbine engine.
Work energy will be generated from the turbine during the expansion of high pressure
and high temperature air and some part of this generated work will be used to
drive the compressor and hence compressor and turbine are assembled with common
shaft as shown in above figure.
Let us see the processes involved in closed cycle gas turbine engine
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression process, air
entering in to the compressor will be compressed here at high pressure and high
temperature. Pressure will be increased from P1 to P2 and volume will be
decreased here from V1 to V2. Temperature will be increased from T1 to T2 and
entropy will remain constant as this process will be isentropic process.
Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition in
to the heating chamber. Air will be heated from an external source in heating
chamber. Temperature of working fluid i.e. air will be increased here from T2
to T3 and entropy will also increased from S2 to S3.
Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion process, high
pressure and high temperature air will be expanded through the turbine. Pressure
of working fluid i.e. air will be reduced here from P3 to P4 and volume will be
increased here from V3 to V4. Temperature will also be reduced from T3 to T4
and entropy will remain constant as this process will be isentropic process.
Process 4-1: This process indicates the constant
pressure heat rejection process, where Air will be cooled in to the cooling
chamber at constant pressure up to its original temperature with the help of continuous
circulating cold water. Working fluid i.e. air will be cooled here from T4 to
T1 and entropy will also reduced from S4 to S1.
Do you
have any suggestions? Please write in comment box.
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We will
see another topic i.e. “Brayton cycle: the ideal cycle for gas turbineengines” in our next post in the category of thermal engineering.
Reference:
Engineering
thermodynamics by P. K. Nag
Engineering
thermodynamics by Prof S. K. Som
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